Helen FieldsScience Writer

Yesterday for ScienceNOW I wrote about tobacco plants that open their flowers at a different time of day if they’re getting eaten by caterpillars. (My story.)

It’s kind of ingenious, if these scientists are right about it. Hawkmoths are good for the tobacco plants, because they pollinate them. Plants want pollination. But female hawkmoths also lay their eggs on the tobacco leaves. Eggs hatch into caterpillars that eat everything in sight.

So if there are caterpillars around, this study shows, these plants shift their flowering from night – when moths are out – to morning, when hummingbirds are awake.

Plants have a ton of ways of dealing with predators. They can produce toxins to hurt the predators. They can stop making new leaves, send new sugars to their roots, and wait until the predators go away. My favorite: They can send out “heelllp meee” chemical signals to attract their predators’ predators, like a parasitic wasp that lays its own eggs in the caterpillar.

One of the guys I talked to for this story told me (when I interviewed him for another story) that he used to be able to tell what species of caterpillar was eating a plant in his lab by the smell of the chemicals the plant was giving off. They’re that specific.

Plants are awesome.

photo: Danny Kessler

About a month ago, I wrote about a visit to Harvard’s Museum of Natural History. Friend, fellow science writer, and Bostonian Lila Guterman asked me why I hadn’t written about the glass flowers. Because they’re so awesome they deserve their own post, that’s why.

In the late 19th century, father-and-son team Leopold and Rudolph Blaschka were making glass models of invertebrate sea creatures. There wasn’t a good way to preserve jellyfish and such, so they made lifelike, detailed models out of glass. The head of Harvard’s Botanical Museum found out about them and hired them to make glass models of plants.

So I’m at the museum. I know the glass flowers are famous. I walk into the glass flower room. I look at the first display case:

And I’m like, well, ok, that’s a perfectly nice specimen of a grass, so where are the glass flowers?

It took me a while to catch on that, no, really, everything was glass. I expected it to look like…glass. Shiny. A little translucent. But that’s not what the Blaschkas were doing; they were making something that looked exactly like the real thing, for study purposes.

See? Just looks like a cactus. A real pretty one, with a flower. The card in front of it tells you it’s an Echinocereus engelmannii modeled on a specimen collected in Tempe, Arizona in June.

An advantage of working in glass (as opposed to working in, uh, plants) is that you can magnify the specimens. A lot of the plants were shown with blown-up sexual organs:

Other than the magnifications, they just look like plants in cases. If you don’t know they’re made of glass, it’s not a very impressive room. But if you do know? Wow!

photos: me. allllll me.

Part of the deal with this fellowship is that I’m also supposed to do my regular work. So, here it is: a news story about rice genetics. I know, it sounds boring, but it’s totally not! Modifying rice is a big deal – in 2005, 20 percent of the world’s calories came from rice, and production is going to have to increase to keep up with population growth. So this piece is about one cool new study on finding a gene that helps rice survive floods.

An interesting point about this work is how old-school it is. They’re looking for genes, but not using super-newfangled proteomics or whatever techniques – instead, they look for them by doing lots of mating plants together and looking for crossovers, like I learned about in intro biology in approximately 1994. Ok, yeah, computers do all the calculations now. But if they were teaching it in intro biology in 1994, believe me, it was basic.

Then when they find the gene, they don’t put it into another plant with viruses or fancy-schmancy genetic transformations – they do it with breeding. Sure, they use molecular techniques to make sure they’re getting the right genes in the offspring (this speeds things wayyyy up). But basically it’s good, old-fashioned plant sex.

Neat, huh? Made me want to learn more about the world of rice research.