Today’s word: crenulate. I wrote a blog post about a crochet coral reef for Smithsonian magazine’s website, in which I referred to the edge of some structures on the coral reef as “crenelated.” That’s what I thought I’d heard people say. It seemed reasonable. I had a rough definition for it in my head – you know, ruffly, or something.

So this morning when I was writing about the coral reef for my own blog, and I got to that word, I thought, I should really check this. The blog post for Smithsonian was read by at least two editors, but I have no safety net on my blog. I also know that I have a problem with double consonants. It’s my spelling blind spot. I’ve looked up “accommodate” so many times, I think I’ve finally learned it, but…I usually look it up anyway just in case. As I flipped through the dictionary, I predicted that the correct spelling of crenelated would be one N, two Ls.

Boy, was I wrong. Both crenelate and crenellate are acceptable spellings. But they’re acceptable spellings of the wrong word. “Crenelate” is a verb that means “to furnish with battlements or crenels, or with squared notches.” (Crenel: “any of the indentations or loopholes in the top of a battlement or wall; embrasure.”)(Embrasure: “An opening (in a wall or parapet) with the sides slanting outward to increase the angle of fire of a gun.”) The adjective form is crenelated. Coral comes in many shapes, but it does not generally have battlements, crenels, embrasures, or squared notches.

The word I wanted was the next entry in the dictionary: crenulate. It means “having tiny notches or scallops, as some leaves or shells.” And here’s the other wacky thing: it’s an adjective. So you can just say a piece of coral or a nudibranch is crenulate. The dictionary allows “crenulated,” too, but this obviously doesn’t make sense. It’s like saying an apple is “redded.”

Crenelate and crenulate do come from the same root, as does crenate, which means the same thing as crenulate. (They come from the Vulgar Latin crena, a notch or grove.)

I guess most people use online dictionaries to check this kind of thing, but I don’t like online English dictionaries. I don’t like the way they look. I appreciate the tiny visual and tactile break that I get when I stop and take the dictionary off the shelf. And, most importantly, if I’d looked up crenellated here, I wouldn’t have seen the next entry and realized that was the word I was going for.

Dictionary Stats: Webster’s New World Dictionary: Third College Edition

date: 1991
publisher: Simon & Schuster
length: 1574 pages
guide words on p. 469: euploid adj. with the complement of chromosomes being an exact multiple of the haploid number, as diploid, triploid, etc.: see HETEROPLOID; euxenite n. a lustrous, brown-black mineral containing columbium, titanium, yttrium, erbium, cerium, and uranium
introduction: Includes an essay on language by John Algeo, who writes, “Language is not a Platonic idea abiding in a realm of archetypal truths. Rather it is a system we infer from the sounds that come out of the mouths of speakers and the marks that come from the hands of writers.” That means this is the kind of dictionary that includes “crenulated,” rather than scolding you about “redded.”
obscenities: I actually used this dictionary last night to look up quite a rude word – I wasn’t sure of the technical definition. No, I will not tell you which one.

Jim Breen’s WWWJDIC has got everything. You can look up characters by counting the number of strokes in them. You can type out a Japanese word phonetically, with roman letters, or in Japanese, if you happen to know how to make your computer write in Japanese. You can look words up in the general Japanese-English dictionary, or one of many other dictionaries – including automotive, Japanese-Slovenian, and river & water systems.

I use this dictionary for reading e-mails from my Japanese choir. I’ve been singing for a few months with the Japanese Choral Society of Washington (oh hey, I’m in the picture that’s on the homepage right now). During rehearsal, I’m ok – I can mostly follow what’s being said. It helps that I do a lot of choral singing and have a good idea of the kinds of things that conductors say. But a lot of important information gets transmitted by e-mail. It is so handy to be able to just cut and paste the words I don’t know into the dictionary.

I got a whole string of e-mails today from the group. One, about a potluck after rehearsal next week,contained the lovely word 帰国. The first character means “return” and the second means “country,” so together it means “go back to your country” – part of the occasion for the potluck is that a choir member is going back to Japan. It’s pronounced “kikoku.”

If you cut and paste that into the dictionary, you get a whole list of definitions. The first one is the word you looked up. Then there’s also compound words it appears in, like 帰国セール, kikokuseiru (sale), to sell your belongings before returning to your country, or 帰国子女枠, kikokushijowaku, special consideration for students who have lived abroad. Each entry has the word, the pronunciation, definition, a recording of someone saying it, and a string of links. Here are the ones for 帰国:

[V][Ex][G][GI][S][A][W] [JW]

Each of those looks up 帰国 in a different database – V takes you to all the ways you can conjugate 帰国 as a verb (I didn’t know I knew the hortative, but apparently I do), Ex is a list of sentences using 帰国, G is google, GI is google images, S is an online Japanese-Japanese dictionary, A is a Japanese-English online dictionary (for Japanese people), W is Japanese Wikipedia, and JW is some kind of Japanese word database.

The WWWJDIC doesn’t have the most beautiful interface, but it sure does a lot of stuff. I’m pretty sure I’ve only discovered a tiny corner of it, but I am very grateful to it for helping me read my e-mails.

Oh wow, yeah, I just came across this, for example: an interface that lets you handwrite a kanji with the mouse while the computer guesses what you’re going for.

Dictionary Stats: Jim Breen’s WWWJDIC

date: predates the world wide web; constantly updating
publisher: Jim Breen seems to be the guy; Monash University in Australia hosts the dictionary (he’s retired from the Electronic Dictionary Research Group)
other languages: Japanese – German, French, Russian, Swedish, Hungarian, Dutch, Spanish, Slovenian
amusing entry from FAQ: “[Q] I can’t read the kana readings. Will you add romaji display as an option.
[A] No. Better to learn kana. It will only take a week or two.”
insight from FAQ: “Remember that it is really a Japanese-English dictionary, and you have to take your chances with English-Japanese.”
obscenities: Yup. I can only remember one rude word in Japanese (糞), but it’s in there.

P.S. I know, I know, the Dictionary of the Week is now more like the Dictionary of the Quarter. It took a little hiatus. I don’t know if it’s back for good now or just dropping in.

The stickers say “Allowed to use on the exam!” and “Help with problem words” and “Mini-grammar.” Perhaps you can tell – this Norwegian dictionary is intended for use by Norwegians. I bought it in the university bookstore at the University of Oslo a few weeks after I graduated from college. I believe it was even shrink-wrapped, so I couldn’t look inside, but I needed a Norwegian dictionary, and Norway is a good place to buy them. It was 198 kroner, which is in the $30-$35 range.

I went to college in Minnesota, so when I found out I was going to Norway on a Fulbright, it wasn’t that hard to find a Norwegian class. The other college in town has a Scandinavian languages department, and a professor agreed to let me audit her intro class. It was pretty easy – I’d heard that Norwegian was what you took there if you needed to get the language requirement but couldn’t hack Spanish, and that seemed to be true.

My language education continued that summer at the University of Oslo’s lovely International Summer School. Many of the classes are international relations-y type topics and are taught in English, but you can also take Norwegian language and literature classes. By the end of my six-week intensive course, I could hold my own in a very, very simple conversation with a patient person, like the author of our textbook, who did the oral portion of our exam. (It’s a small country.)

Of course, then I went to Trondheim, where people speak nothing that resembles the standard Norwegian I’d learned in classes. And, just to make it harder, I was working in an academic environment with people who’d come from all over the country and brought their dialects with them. I mostly spoke English at work.

But I continued taking language classes, and with the help of my choir friends, I got pretty good at it by the end of the year. Choir friend Ann-Kristin, who I often saw at the bus stop on the way to work, refused on principle to speak English with foreigners. She was right, of course, and I appreciated her patience and her relatively easy dialect. (When I wasn’t around, she secretly spoke English with a visiting researcher from Spain; short-time visitors got a pass.) Another choir friend, Veronica, spent her summers guiding busloads of British tourists around her home islands, but eventually decided my Norwegian was good enough and switched. I never switched with another friend, Anna Bergitte – she’d lived in the U.S. in high school and spoke perfect idiomatic American.

The vast majority of Norwegians still speak much better English than I will ever speak Norwegian, but I’m still glad I learned it. I mean, obviously. I know how to pronounce æ, ø, å, and kj. I was able to read the Norwegian subtitles when I watched Scottish movies. And I’ve found it’s very useful with the older folks I’ve met through Norwegian folk dancing. (A hobby that came along much later.)

Fascinating fact I’ve just discovered while poking through the dictionary’s introduction: It was based on an English-Danish/Danish-English dictionary that came out in 1991.  Norwegian and Danish are really, really close, particularly in written form. I can read Danish, but I have no hope of understanding it when it’s spoken.

Dictionary Stats: Lingua Engelsk-norsk norsk-engelsk Ordbok for videregående skole

date: 1996
publisher: Universitetsforlaget AS
length: 831 pages
guide words on p. 714: skjold et shield; (våpen~) coat of arms; (flekk) blotch; skredder en tailor; (dame~) dressmaker.
introduction: Includes a history of English-Danish dictionaries. The first one came out in 1678 and had a title along the lines of “English Dictionary of which can be learned the English Speech, containing the Words which do not have a known affinity with Latin or Danish.” The first Danish-English dictionary appeared in 1779. These were both actually written by Norwegians, the introduction proudly points out.
useful extras: As with so many foreign language dictionaries, the extras – a guide to English grammar, tips on writing letters in English, a box listing the ways to translate fabrikk into English – would be much more useful if I were coming at the dictionary from the other side of the English/Foreign Language divide.
obscenities: Yup! I guess upper secondary students in Norway can handle rude words.

When you’re looking Japanese words up in dictionaries, you really need “ga” to come right after “ka” and “do” right after “to.” You know, the natural order of things. What? This order is not intuitive to you? Well, let me explain.

The sounds in Japanese are syllables made up of a consonant (usually) and a vowel. Within each set of syllables, the order is a i u e o (“ah ee oo eh oh”), and then each set starts with a different consonant sound. The sets are ordered a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, ya, ra, and wa.

But then some of those consonant sounds can be altered. So か makes the sound ka, but if you put two little marks on it, it makes が, which is ga. Same for き ki and ぎ gi, こ ko and ご go, etc. If you put the little marks on the た ta-characters, they become the だ da-characters. The さ sa family becomes ざ za, and the  は ha family has two alterations – the little marks make ば ba, and a little circle makes ぱ pa.

A lot of those are pairs of related sounds, which I didn’t realize until I studied Japanese and noticed that I couldn’t always hear the difference between k and g. If you don’t know which you heard, it’s much easier to look up both “kakkou” and “gakkou” if they’re right next to each other than if one of them is in the G’s and one is in the K’s.

So, once you have the alphabetical order down, you can use this dictionary. Of course, most Japanese words are actually written in Chinese characters, but you look them up in the dictionary by sound. The Chinese characters are given first in the entry, like this, for “tenshuu”: “てんしゅ 天主 the Lord.” You need the characters to distinguish it from “てんしゅ 店主a shopkeeper.” (One is the master of heaven; the other is the master of a store.)

This dictionary is a lot less useful for going from English to Japanese. Say you look up the word “dictionary.” Here’s what it will tell you: 辞典. Good luck figuring out how to pronounce that. Better to wing it: “You know, the book? And it has words? Many words? Japanese, and English, too? Both?” Sometimes I would look a word up, then show the entry to the person I was trying to talk to, but this only works if they have their reading glasses on them.

As with so many of my dictionaries, I have no idea where this one came from. I suspect a used book store or a friend…it was published in 1990, and I think it was probably well-loved before I got it. Oh, hey – it has the price “6.75″ written on the inside front cover, which means I got it at a used bookstore in the U.S. on one of my trips back for grad school interviews. Nice.

This dictionary’s service didn’t end when I left Japan. I’d relied on it for so long, and I wasn’t ready to let go of my Japanese life yet. I carried it in my bag for months after I moved back to the U.S. in 2000.

So one day that fall I was sitting with a new grad school friend in front of the campus bookstore at Stanford. Some guy came by and gave us t-shirts advertising bigwords.com, a textbook seller that apparently still exists – wow, what are the chances? Anyway, the t-shirts all had big words on them. Mine said “coruscant.” Neither of us knew what that meant, but I pulled out my Japanese dictionary, and it came through! It defined “coruscate” as ピカッと光る, which is a totally cute definition. The Webster’s on my shelf gives the accurate but boring “to give off flashes of light; glitter; sparkle.” Sanseido’s definition translates as “light up, like, ‘peekah’!”

Japanese is adorable – onomatopeia for everything. More on that later.

Dictionary Stats: Sanseido’s Daily Concise English Dictionary

date: 1990
publisher: Sanseido
editor: 宮内秀雄 (I’m not going to put money on it, but I think his name is Miyanaka Hideo or, in Western order, Hideo Miyanaka)
length: 1264 tissue-thin pages
guide words on p. 381: でんきうなぎ 電気鰻 an electric eel. てんじゅ 天授の sacred; gifted by nature.
up-to-date-ness: The map of Europe on the inside front has one Germany (thumbs up) but also one Yugoslavia (uh-oh) and one Soviet Union (oh dear).
useful extras: Many appendices for the Japanese person who wants to excel in English, such as translations of the names of Japan’s government agencies (原子力安全 Nuclear Safety Bureau), metric conversion tables, instructions for writing letters in English, and a chart converting Japanese dates to regular dates. (Showa 1 was 1926 and so on.) Gosh, I’d forgotten about that. I used to know what year it was in Heisei.
obscenities: Yup! And they do not hold back. The really rude ones are in here.

This book sounds promising. But it turns out to be…kind of lame. It’s just a bunch of black-and-white pictures with the stuff in them labeled. For example:

I’m just not sure how it improves my life to know that the little thingy that holds the parts of a stapler together is called a “hinge pin.” And if there is anyone in the world who needs to know the names of the various bits of a paperclip, I bet they already know them.

On the inside front cover flap, the book says it’s trying to keep you from having to fall back on “such multisyllabic catchalls as ‘whatchamacallit,’ ‘thingamajig,’ and ‘whoosiwhatsis.’” But those words are really very useful. If I said to you “The actuating lever knob broke off my pencil sharpener,” you wouldn’t have any idea what I was talking about. For one thing, who still owns a desk-mounted pencil sharpener? And also, words are only useful if both participants in the conversation know them. I’d be displaying much better communication skills if I called it “the little knob thingy on the end of the, like, lever thing you use to get it to attach to the table.”

Have you ever heard anyone call the middle of the tomato a “placenta”? Yeah, neither have I.

Also, it’s cut off here, but one of the lines pointing at the lettuce says “leaf.” Ohmygosh! That’s what that thing is called? Why didn’t anyone tell me?!?

The entries don’t explain what anything is for, either – just the names. My dad’s ruling on this dictionary, with which I agree: “Useless.” It seems like it should be kind of fun, even if it’s not useful, but it’s mostly just kind of perplexing. (The Amazon reviewers disagree with me, so maybe you should buy one of the used copies and see for yourself.)

Bonus: The book has a page titled, I kid you not, “Cowboy and Indian.” There’s a paragraph of text on Indians with such useful facts as “Many decorated their faces with war paint prior to battle.” Then the entire native population of North America is visually defined by this inset at the bottom of the page:

Dictionary Stats: What’s What: A Visual Glossary of the Physical World

date: 1981
publisher: Hammond
length: 565 pages
guide words on pp. 192-193: Jacket and Pants (including “padded shoulder”and “elasticized waist”); Blouse and Skirt (including “turn-back cuff” and “dirndl skirt”)

At the time I left for Germany last July, I owned three German dictionaries. One I got in 1990 when I took my first German class, one random paperback of unknown provenance, and a big desk dictionary I got a few years ago when I was taking another German class and learning big words. And I had access to another – my dad has a tiny pocket one from, oh, probably the 1960s or so.

Any of these would have been excellent choices to take along. So which of these dictionaries did I take with me for two months in a country where I only kind of speak the language and might benefit from having a dictionary to help me learn new vocabulary?

None of them. That’s right. Not one. I think I figured I would just use the online dictionary Leo. Because my fantasy version of Berlin apparently has free wi-fi raining from the sky and little elf helpers who walk around carrying your computer for you.

I got to Germany and quickly realized how dumb I was. Leo was indeed handy at home and at work, but was no darn use at any of the other places I might see or hear German words, like on billboards or in a biergarten or in a book I was reading on the bus. I could have paid for a data plan and used the mobile phone version of Leo, but…it was a lot cheaper to buy a new dictionary. Besides, I clearly don’t own enough dictionaries already.

Berlin is pretty much drowning in foreigners, so the big bookstore I went to had a large English section. Two of the many German-English dictionaries were pocket-sized: a Langenscheidt and an Oxford. (Actual pocket, not Oxford “pocket.”) I picked up the Langenscheidt and opened it to the last page of the K’s. The last entry was “KZ nt <-s, -s> abbr –> Konzentrationslager HIST concentration camp.” That was not an abbreviation I knew, and it seemed useful. I checked the Oxford. It didn’t have KZ, and my mind was made up.

A few weeks later, I took the dictionary along to a concentration camp. Sachsenhausen, just north of Berlin, opened on July 12, 1936. In the beginning it mostly held political prisoners and criminals; later, that expanded to include Jews, Roma, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and others, many of whom were deported east to concentration camps or extermination camps in Poland. (Map.) Until I started visiting these places, I didn’t realize there was a difference between concentration camps and extermination camps. People died in concentration camps. There were executions, epidemics, medical experiments, starvation, torture. Countless prisoners were worked to death in factories. But the extermination camps like Treblinka and Belzec and Sobibor and Auschwitz-Birkenau were different. They were just for killing. (Auschwitz was actually a network of almost 50 camps; Auschwitz II, or Birkenau, had the big gas chambers.)

After the war, Sachsenhausen was in the Soviet occupation zone, and eventually East Germany. The Soviets kept political prisoners there until 1950. Later in the 50s, it was turned into a museum, but with a decidedly communist point of view. A larger-than-life memorial sculpture shows a Red Army soldier standing in solidarity with two prisoners he’s just freed. During the time when the countries were separate, this area was used as a backdrop for rallies. The East German government positioned itself as the true enemy of Nazis. They called the Berlin Wall the “Anti-Fascist Protection Wall.” Keeping those nasty West German fascists out, you see. A concentration camp must have seemed like a good place to talk about how much better they were than the other side.

Dictionary Stats: Langenscheidt Universal German Dictionary

date: 2002
publisher: Langenscheidt
length: 608 pages
dimensions: 4½ by 3¼ by 1¼ inches. Still kind of big for most pockets, but perfect for the purse.
guide words on pp. 196-197: Preiselbeere f cranberry; Pulverschnee m powder snow
obscenities: Yes! Interesting – the other Langenscheidt dictionary I’ve written about, this one, didn’t.  My mother asked why I include this in the dictionary stats, so here’s the reason: I think it’s interesting to see whether or not editors include “bad words.” Is the dictionary reflecting the full range of the language as spoken?

It’s not for translating between Australian and English; it’s a dictionary of English, as it is used in Australia. You know, like a Webster’s dictionary of American English, but with more marsupials.

First: pronunciation. The pronunciation guide in the front defines the sound “ah” thus: “as in calm, path, arm.” Er…those are three totally different sounds. In college, I studied abroad in Australia and New Zealand with a friend named Becca who has been known as “Beaker” (to a lucky few) ever since – because that’s just how everyone pronounced her name.

Australian English also has lots of words I don’t use in my daily life. Take the phrase “mad as a gum tree full of galahs.” A galah (guh-lah) is a kind of Australian cockatoo – the word comes, says the dictionary, from the word “gilaa” in the Yuwaalaraay language. Australian English has no shortage of words for different cockatoos and wallabies and shrubs, but the differences go beyond that: the preposition “longa,” in Aboriginal English, means “belonging to; near; about; with.” And a “furphy” is a “false report or rumour,” which comes from a kind of cart that was a center of gossip during the second world war.

I love the diversity of English. Down there on the other side of the world, people are going about their lives speaking something that doesn’t just have a different accent from what I speak; it’s got a vocabulary all its own. And over there in England, “pants” has a different meaning. And yet we’re all speaking something descended from the language of this guy.

This dictionary does, however, lead me to wonder if “pocket” means something different in other English dialects. The book is the weight of one of the larger Harry Potters, and while it does fit in one of the bigger pockets on my raincoat, it pulls that whole side down, and I think I would prefer to wing it, dictionary-free, on the mean streets of Melbourne. In the same used bookstore I saw a Kodansha “pocket” Japanese dictionary – also published by Oxford – that was almost as big as a toaster.

Dictionary Stats: The Australian Pocket Oxford Dictionary, 5th ed.

date: 2002
publisher: Oxford University Press
editor: Bruce Moore
length: 1298 pages (I said it was big)
guide words on p. 1010: shake-a-leg n. Aust. style of traditional Aboriginal dancing; shamefaced adj. 1. showing shame. 2. bashful, shy.
useful extras: A map on the back endpaper shows where more than 90 Australian Aboriginal languages are spoken, from Adnyamathanha (central South Australia) to Yuwaaliyaay (northern New South Wales).
obscenities: Nope. Hm. That seems a little unrealistic. This is Australia we’re talking about. Also, “tranny” is defined as “transistor radio.”

Yep, the online dictionary gets an unattractive picture of my computer screen. Sorry, Leo.

One of the many problems with having a job is that you don’t always have your dictionaries with you. In my last two office jobs, I usually had a red English dictionary, a medical dictionary, and a few usage guides at my desk. So if I had to look something up in a foreign language, I was stuck with the internet. (Yes, I could have visited the library, but this is the internet age, my friend.)

My general verdict on online dictionaries: I don’t like ‘em. Take Norwegian, for example. This one gives the impression that it exists solely as a vehicle for ads and this one doesn’t have the word “funky.” Actually, neither has the word “funky.”

Now look what happens when you type “funky” into Leo. Not only do you get five possible ways to say “funky” in German, you also get “to dance the funky chicken” (den Ententanz tanzen) (literally: to dance the duck dance). Then farther down on the page there’s a list of links to forums, with discussion topics like “Deutsche Übersetzung gesucht ‘Funky cold Medina’” (“looking for a German translation of ‘Funky Cold Medina’”).

One of my classmates told me about Leo when I was taking a brush-up German class at the Goethe-Institut Washington early last year. He worked for a German architecture firm, so he had a somewhat more urgent need to look up German words than I did. It’s only useful when you’re sitting at a computer, and I always did my homework for that class on the metro.

But when I went to Germany this fall to do a journalism fellowship, boy was I happy to have Leo. I always had it open on my computer – to help me read the morning paper, to translate words into German when I was writing, for looking up words I heard people say or whatever. My colleagues all used it, too. They were covering science, which meant they had to read a ton of journal articles and press releases and websites in English.

The main problem with Leo is that there are so many entries, sometimes you can’t figure out which is the most important. Take “finish.” It has several senses – the finish line, the finish on a piece of furniture; finishing a glass of water is different from finishing a project. When you look it up on Leo, they’re split up by part of speech, but other than that, they’re all listed in alphabetical order.

The advantage of a dictionary on paper: it prioritizes. But you can’t beat Leo for speed.

Dictionary Stats: LEO Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch

date: constantly updating
publisher: LEO GmbH
length: 586,592 entries
special feature: Advent calendar. Of German poetry. Enjoy.
other languages: Leo also has Deutsch-Französisch, Deutsch-Spanisch, Deutsch-Italienisch, and Deutsch-Chinesisch editions.
news: Leo has added a new set of economic terms. “We hope that definitions of terms such as Gläubigerausschuss or Steuerausweichung will prove valuable for many of our users – including native German speakers.”
obscenities: Wow. Yes. So many obscenities. In so many combinations and forms.

]]> http://heyhelen.com/2009/12/dotw-leo-deutsch-englisches-worterbuch/feed/ 4 http://heyhelen.com/2009/12/dotw-finnish-english/ http://heyhelen.com/2009/12/dotw-finnish-english/#comments Sat, 05 Dec 2009 05:19:02 +0000 Helen http://heyhelen.com/?p=1023 Now for a language I really, really don’t speak: the Dictionary of the Week is a Finnish-English English-Finnish Dictionary from 1967.

In 2005, the Christmas Revels had a Scandinavian theme. Since I speak Norwegian, I could understand most of what I was singing in Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish, but Finnish is totally unrelated. It’s not even Indo-European. I thought it might help me memorize the songs in Finnish if I looked up some of the words, so I picked up this dictionary at a used bookstore.

I quickly learned that a dictionary is very little use if you don’t speak any Finnish. It’s often tricky looking up foreign words, because they can be conjugated or whatever, but usually I can figure something out. In this dictionary, I couldn’t find words anywhere near where I expected them. Yesterday morning I called up Sirpa Tuomainen, who teaches Finnish at the University of California – Berkeley, to ask her what the heck is up with her native tongue.

She gave me an example: the word for store is kauppa. But if you want to say something is “in a store,” you have to put an ending on it (sort of like the preposition). So you take the weak form of the noun, kaupa – notice it lost a p – and stick an n on to get kaupan. Ok, now go try to look up kaupan in a Finnish dictionary. No, never mind, I’ll do it for you. Hey – it’s not there. And it doesn’t stop with the letter P. Tyttö (girl) becomes tytö. Helsinki becomes Helsingi. Kylpy (bath) becomes kylyvy. And so forth.

Or take the sentence Minä pidän Sibeliuksesta. Minä is in the dictionary, but if you want to find it, you have to work out that ä does not come after a, as in German, but at the end of the alphabet between y and ö. Minä means “I.” Pidän is the first person singular form of pitää, “to like.” And Sibeliuksesta is the composer Sibelius, who gets a new stem, -kse, and an ending: -sta. Which means we mere mortals can’t even look up the sentence “I like Sibelius.”

I’m not the only one to have noticed this dictionary problem. Sirpa said she worked with a grad student at Stanford who was getting her PhD in Namibian history. Finland has had close ties to Namibia since missionaries started going there in the 19th century, so this student had to be able to read Finnish, which meant sorting out all these noun stem changes. That long connection means there are lots of Namibian children running around with Finnish names – a lot of Marttis, for example, after Martti Ahtisaari, who won the Nobel Peace Prize last year in part for helping to get Namibia’s independence from South Africa. “He’s like a folk hero there,” says Sirpa. The very pretty Namibian first name Menette is the second person plural form of the verb “to go.” And there are lots of old-fashioned names that came from the missionaries.

Another limitation of my dictionary: it was published in 1967, so it’s not going to have words like “e-mail” in it. Fortunately, the Finns have invented the verbs mailata, faxata, and chatata. (This is the land of Nokia. They know their technology.)

“We always laugh – at our department, we get these oddballs,” says Sirpa. “The, quote, normal people will take French, Spanish, Italian, Russian, and German.” (Then there’s the people like me.) For more of her thoughts on Finnish and Finland, see the blog she wrote on her sabbatical year there – this post about the ubiquity of English is interesting. And this about -kone, which means “machine” and has been used to make up all kinds of words. And I loved reading about Kaamos, the time in winter when the sun never rises.

I kind of wish I had another Finnish dictionary so I could write more about it. It’s a beautiful language – I loved singing in Finnish, even if it was insanely difficult to memorize.

Dictionary Stats: Finnish-English English-Finnish Dictionary

date: 1967
publisher: P. Shalom Pub. Inc., Brooklyn (See publisher’s credit page, at right, with a chart of Hebrew, Arabic, Nyriac, and Sumerian alphabets.)
by: Aino Wuolle
length: 356 pp
letter quirks: There are no words on the Finnish side starting with C, Q, W, X, or Z. These letters have really short sections, all loan words: B (banaani, biologia), D (demokratia, diftongi - diphthong), F (filmi, flyygeli - grand piano), G (galvanoida, gondoli), and Ö (öljy - oil).
guide words on p. 105: poikapuoli stepson; poro reindeer
introduction: Entirely in Finnish.
obscenities: Ha. No. And I don’t even know any to look up on the Finnish side. I swear I own some dictionaries with bad words. This category won’t be completely wasted.

This is different from my other four Japanese dictionaries because it’s all in romaji, or roman letters. So you can use this dictionary to look up Japanese words even if you can’t read any Japanese at all.

You need this kind of thing when you’re starting out, because real Japanese writing is really complicated. The three writing systems are intermingled in sentences and even within words.

First: 漢字 (Kanji.) Kanji are borrowed from Chinese, and they almost always have at least two pronunciations.

Take this character, 食, which means “food.” In the verb 食べる (to eat), it’s pronounced “ta.” But in the verb 食う (to eat, but less formally) it’s pronounced “ku.” In combinations like 食事 (meal) it’s pronounced “shoku.” And that’s not even all the pronunciations for this one character.

Next: ひらがな (Hiragana.) The 46 hiragana characters make up one of the two phonetic alphabets in Japanese. In most written sentences, the kanji hold the meaning and the hiragana do all the grammatical heavy lifting. If you try to read Japanese and you don’t know kanji, you spend a lot of time reading verb endings. For example, in the verb 食べる, the る – “ru” – tells you it’s the infinitive.

In theory you could write everything in Japanese in hiragana, and that’s how children’s books are written; kanji are introduced gradually, as kids learn more and more of them in school. But it would be a huge pain reading a regular book written all in hiragana. A lot of Japanese words are pronounced the same, so you have to see the kanji to know if しんぷ means “bride” or “Christian priest.” If you’ve learned the characters, it’s much faster to read one or two characters that give a word’s meaning rather than a bunch of characters that only tell you what it sounds like.

Finally: カタカナ (Katakana). Katakana covers the same 46 sounds as hiragana but is used mostly for borrowed words, like スープ (“su-pu” – soup) and コヾプ (koppu – cup). Of course, Japanese didn’t just borrow words from English. パン (pan) is “bread,” from the portuguese word pão. アルバイト (arubaito) is “part-time work,” from the German word Arbeit.

Katakana is also used for foreign names. My name is ヘレン・フィールズ. The sounds in “Helen” (he re n) all exist in Japanese, but “Fields” is kind of a mess. Sounds that aren’t in the phonetic alphabet, like “fi,” are usually really hard for Japanese people to pronounce. I just go by ヘレン.

So, really – when you’re starting out, you want a dictionary like this one that converts everything into roman letters for you. I graduated from this dictionary within a year or so. Eventually it just gets too annoying that “ga” does not immediately follow “ka,” the way it does in Japanese. The dictionary is back into circulation now because I’ve joined a Japanese choir and didn’t think I’d be able to find things in my hiragana-based pocket dictionary fast enough…but actually I’m muddling along with no dictionary at all and doing fine so far.

Dictionary Stats: Langenscheidt’s Pocket Japanese Dictionary

date: 1998 (hey – this was brand-new when I moved to Japan!)
publisher: Langenscheidt Publishers, Inc., New York
by: Seigo Nakao
length: 666 pp (oh my)
useful advice: “A general guideline for the Japanese accent is to avoid putting a heavy stress on any syllable.”
guide words on p. 129: kiyasume, n. 気休め insincere reassurance or consolation; kodoku, n. 孤独 solitude; isolation
obscenities: くそ! They aren’t there! Well, you can’t look them up in English. くそ is in the Japanese section, but I’m not telling you what it means.